I-RFID, igama elipheleleyo yiRadio Frequency Identification. Yiteknoloji yokuchonga ngokuzenzekelayo engazibandakanyiyo izinto ezijoliswe kuzo kwaye ifumane idatha efanelekileyo ngemiqondiso yeradio frequency. Umsebenzi wokuchonga awudingi kungenelela ngesandla kwaye unokusebenza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezinzima. Iteknoloji yeRFID inokuchonga izinto ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu kwaye ichonge iithegi ezininzi ngaxeshanye, okwenza umsebenzi ube lula kwaye ukhawuleze.
Ithegi yeRFID (Radio Frequency Identification) yiteknoloji yokuchonga ngokuzenzekelayo engazibandakanyiyo izinto ezijoliswe kuzo kwaye ifumana idatha efanelekileyo ngemiqondiso yerediyo. Umsebenzi wokuchonga awudingi kungenelela ngesandla. Ezi thegi zihlala ziquka iithegi, ii-antenna, kunye nabafundi. Umfundi uthumela isignali yerediyo yefrikhwensi ethile nge-antenna. Xa ithegi ingena kwi-magnetic field, kwenziwa umbane obangelwayo ukuze kufunyanwe amandla kwaye kuthunyelwe ulwazi olugcinwe kwi-chip kumfundi. Umfundi ufunda ulwazi, aluguqule, aze athumele idatha kwikhompyutha. Inkqubo iyayicubungula.
Ileyibhile ye-RFID isebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
1. Emva kokuba ilebheli yeRFID ingenile kumhlaba wemagnethi, ifumana isignali yerediyo ethunyelwa ngumfundi weRFID.
2. Sebenzisa amandla afunyenwe kumbane obangelwe kukusebenza ukuthumela ulwazi lwemveliso olugcinwe kwitshiphu (Passive RFID Tag), okanye uthumele ngokukhutheleyo isignali yefrikhwensi ethile (Active RFID Tag).
3. Emva kokuba umfundi efunde aze achaze ulwazi, luthunyelwa kwinkqubo yolwazi ephakathi ukuze kusetyenzwe idatha efanelekileyo.
Inkqubo ye-RFID esisiseko inamacandelo amathathu:
1. Ithegi ye-RFID: Yenziwe nge-antenna ye-RFID (into edibanisayo) kunye ne-RFID IC(itshiphusi), ithegi nganye inekhowudi ye-elektroniki eyahlukileyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yinombolo ye-ID. Incamatheliswe kwinto ukuze ichonge into ekujoliswe kuyo kwaye ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Transponder.
2. I-RFID Reader: Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-reader-writer, esi sisixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukufunda okanye ukufaka ikhowudi kulwazi kwiithegi. Singayilwa njenge-handheld okanye i-fixed reader, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo.
3. Inkqubo yeSoftware yeSicelo: Oku kubhekisa kwisoftware ekwimaleko yesicelo, eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukucubungula idatha eqokelelweyo nokuyenza ifikeleleke kwaye isebenziseke ebantwini.
Iithegi zeRFID zihlala zineendawo ezahlukeneyo zokugcina okanye izahlulo ezinokugcina iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuchonga kunye nedatha. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zememori ezifumaneka rhoqo kwiithegi zeRFID zezi:
1. I-TID (Isazisi seTag): I-TID sisichazi esahlukileyo esinikwe ngumenzi wetag. Yimemori yokufunda kuphela equlethe inombolo yeserial eyahlukileyo kunye nolunye ulwazi oluthile kwithegi, njengekhowudi yomenzi okanye iinkcukacha zenguqulelo. I-TID ayinakuguqulwa okanye ibhalwe ngaphezulu.
2. I-EPC (iKhowudi yeMveliso ye-elektroniki): Imemori ye-EPC isetyenziselwa ukugcina isihlonzi esikhethekileyo sehlabathi (i-EPC) semveliso okanye into nganye. Ibonelela ngeekhowudi ezifundeka nge-elektroniki ezichonga kwaye zilandelele izinto nganye ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yokubonelela okanye yolawulo lwempahla.
3. Imemori yoMsebenzisi: Imemori yoMsebenzisi yindawo yokugcina echazwe ngumsebenzisi kwithegi ye-RFID enokusetyenziswa ukugcina idatha okanye ulwazi olulungiselelwe wena ngokwezicelo okanye iimfuno ezithile. Idla ngokuba yimemori yokufunda nokubhala, evumela abasebenzisi abagunyazisiweyo ukuba batshintshe idatha. Ubungakanani bememori yomsebenzisi buyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiinkcukacha zethegi.
4. Imemori Egciniweyo: Imemori Egciniweyo ibhekisa kwinxalenye yendawo yememori yethegi egcinelwe ukusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo okanye iinjongo ezikhethekileyo. Ingagcinwa ngumenzi weelebhile kwixesha elizayo ukuze iphuhlise uphawu okanye ukusebenza okanye iimfuno ezithile zesicelo. Ubungakanani kunye nokusetyenziswa kwememori egciniweyo kunokwahluka ngokusekwe kuyilo lwethegi kunye nokusetyenziswa okucetywayo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uhlobo oluthile lwememori kunye nomthamo walo unokwahluka phakathi kweemodeli zethegi zeRFID, njengoko ithegi nganye inokuba noqwalaselo lwayo lwememori eyahlukileyo.
Ngokwetekhnoloji ye-RFID, i-UHF idla ngokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze-RFID ezingasebenziyo. Iithegi ze-UHF RFID kunye nabafundi zisebenza kumaza aphakathi kwe-860 MHz kunye ne-960 MHz. Iinkqubo ze-UHF RFID zinemigangatho yokufunda emide kunye namazinga aphezulu edatha kuneenkqubo ze-RFID ezisebenzisa amaxesha aphantsi. Ezi thegi zibonakaliswa bubungakanani obuncinci, ubunzima obulula, ukuqina okuphezulu, isantya sokufunda/ukubhala esikhawulezayo kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu, olunokuhlangabezana neemfuno zezicelo zoshishino olukhulu kwaye luphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo lwekhonkco lokubonelela kunye neenzuzo kwiindawo ezifana nokuchasana nobuxoki kunye nokulandeleka. Ke ngoko, zifanelekile kwizicelo ezifana nolawulo lwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, ukulandelwa kweeasethi kunye nolawulo lokufikelela.
I-EPCglobal liqumrhu elidibeneyo phakathi kwe-International Association for Article Numbering (EAN) kunye ne-United States Uniform Code Council (UCC). Liqumrhu elingenzi nzuzo eligunyaziswe lishishini kwaye linoxanduva lomgangatho wehlabathi wenethiwekhi ye-EPC ukuze lichonge ngokukhawuleza, ngokuzenzekelayo nangokuchanekileyo iimpahla kwikhonkco lokubonelela. Injongo ye-EPCglobal kukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweenethiwekhi ze-EPC kwihlabathi liphela.
I-EPC (iKhowudi yeMveliso ye-elektroniki) sisihlonzi esahlukileyo esabelwe imveliso nganye efakwe kwithegi ye-RFID (i-Radio Frequency Identification).
Umgaqo osebenzayo we-EPC ungachazwa ngokulula ngolu hlobo: ukudibanisa izinto kwiithegi ze-elektroniki ngetekhnoloji ye-RFID, kusetyenziswa amaza erediyo ukudlulisa idatha kunye nokuchonga. Inkqubo ye-EPC ikakhulu inamacandelo amathathu: iithegi, abafundi kunye namaziko okucubungula idatha. Iithegi zingundoqo kwinkqubo ye-EPC. Zinamathele kwizinto kwaye ziphethe ukuchongwa okukhethekileyo kunye nolunye ulwazi olufanelekileyo malunga nezinto. Umfundi unxibelelana nethegi ngamaza erediyo kwaye ufunda ulwazi olugcinwe kwithegi. Iziko lokucubungula idatha lisetyenziselwa ukufumana, ukugcina kunye nokucubungula idatha efundwa ziithegi.
Iinkqubo ze-EPC zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezinje ngolawulo oluphuculweyo lwezinto ezikhoyo, umzamo omncinci wokulandelela iimveliso ngesandla, ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo kwekhonkco lokubonelela, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwemveliso okuphuculweyo. Ifomathi yayo esemgangathweni ikhuthaza ukusebenzisana phakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwaye ivumela ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
I-EPC Gen 2, efinyeziweyo kwiKhowudi yeMveliso ye-Electronic Generation 2, ngumgangatho othile weethegi ze-RFID kunye nabafundi. I-EPC Gen 2 ngumgangatho omtsha wonxibelelwano lomoya ovunyiweyo yi-EPCglobal, umbutho ongenzi nzuzo, ngo-2004 okhulula amalungu e-EPCglobal kunye neeyunithi ezityikitye isivumelwano se-EPCglobal kwimirhumo yelungelo lomenzi. Lo mgangatho usisiseko setekhnoloji ye-EPCglobal network of radio frequency identification (RFID), i-Intanethi kunye neKhowudi yeMveliso ye-Electronic (EPC).
Le yenye yezona migangatho zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwitekhnoloji yeRFID, ingakumbi kwi-supply chain kunye ne-retail applications.
I-EPC Gen 2 yinxalenye yomgangatho we-EPCglobal, ojolise ekuboneleleni ngendlela esemgangathweni yokuchonga nokulandelela iimveliso kusetyenziswa i-RFID. Ichaza iiprotokholi zonxibelelwano kunye neeparamitha zeethegi ze-RFID kunye nabafundi, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana kunye nokuhambelana phakathi kwabavelisi abahlukeneyo.
I-ISO 18000-6 yiprotocol yonxibelelwano lomoya ephuhliswe yi-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) ukuze isetyenziswe ngetekhnoloji ye-RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Ichaza iindlela zonxibelelwano kunye nemithetho yokudlulisela idatha phakathi kwabafundi be-RFID kunye neethegi.
Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi ze-ISO 18000-6, apho i-ISO 18000-6C iyeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu. I-ISO 18000-6C ichaza iprotocol yojongano lomoya kwiinkqubo ze-UHF (Ultra High Frequency) RFID. Ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-EPC Gen2 (Electronic Product Code Generation 2), yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-UHF RFID.
I-ISO 18000-6C ichaza iiprotokholi zonxibelelwano, izakhiwo zedatha kunye neeseti zomyalelo ezisetyenziselwa ukusebenzisana phakathi kweethegi ze-UHF RFID kunye nabafundi. Icacisa ukusetyenziswa kweethegi ze-UHF RFID ezingasebenziyo, ezingadingi mthombo wamandla wangaphakathi kwaye endaweni yoko zixhomekeke kumandla adluliselwa kumfundi ukuze asebenze.
Iprotokholi ye-ISO 18000-6 ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa, kwaye ingasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi ezifana nolawulo lwezinto ezithuthwayo, ukulandelela uthotho lwezinto ezithengiswayo, ukuthintela ukwenziwa kwezinto ezingezizo, kunye nolawulo lwabasebenzi. Ngokusebenzisa iprotokholi ye-ISO 18000-6, itekhnoloji ye-RFID ingasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ukufezekisa ukuchonga nokulandelela izinto ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo.
I-RFID kunye ne-barcode zineengenelo zazo kunye neziganeko ezifanelekileyo, akukho nzuzo ipheleleyo kunye nokungalungi. I-RFID ingcono kakhulu kune-barcode kwezinye iinkalo, umzekelo:
1. Umthamo wokugcina: Iithegi ze-RFID zinokugcina ulwazi oluthe kratya, kubandakanya ulwazi olusisiseko lwento, ulwazi lweempawu, ulwazi lokuvelisa, ulwazi lokujikeleza. Oku kwenza i-RFID isebenze ngakumbi kwi-logistics kunye nolawulo lwempahla, kwaye inokulandelwa emva kumjikelo wobomi bento nganye.
2. Isantya sokufunda: Iithegi zeRFID zifundeka ngokukhawuleza, zinokufunda iithegi ezininzi kwiskena, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle.
3. Ukufunda ngaphandle kokudibana: Iithegi zeRFID zisebenzisa itekhnoloji yerediyo, zinokufunda ngaphandle kokudibana. Umgama phakathi komfundi kunye nethegi unokuba ngaphakathi kweemitha ezimbalwa, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulungelelanisa ngokuthe ngqo ithegi, zinokufunda ibhetshi kunye nokufunda umgama omde.
4. Ukubhala ikhowudi kunye nokuhlaziywa ngokuguquguqukayo: Iithegi zeRFID zinokufakwa ikhowudi, okuvumela ukuba idatha igcinwe kwaye ihlaziywe. Ulwazi lwesimo kunye nendawo yezinto lunokurekhodwa kwithegi ngexesha langempela, nto leyo enceda ukulandelela nokulawula izinto ezithuthwayo kunye nempahla ngexesha langempela. Iibhakhowudi, kwelinye icala, aziguquki kwaye azinakuhlaziya okanye zitshintshe idatha emva kokuskena.
5. Ukuthembeka okuphezulu nokuqina: Iithegi zeRFID zihlala zithembekile kwaye zihlala ixesha elide kwaye zinokusebenza kwiindawo ezinzima ezifana nobushushu obuphezulu, ukufuma kunye nongcoliseko. Iithegi zinokugqunywa kwizinto ezihlala ixesha elide ukukhusela ithegi ngokwayo. Iibhakhowudi, kwelinye icala, zisengozini yokonakala, njengokukrweleka, ukwaphuka okanye ungcoliseko, okunokubangela ukuba ingafundeki kakuhle okanye ifundwe kakubi.
Nangona kunjalo, iibhakhowudi zinezibonelelo zazo, njengexabiso eliphantsi, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokulula. Kwezinye iimeko, iibhakhowudi zinokuba zifanelekile ngakumbi, njengolawulo lwezinto ezincinci kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto, iimeko ezifuna ukuskenwa nganye nganye, njalo njalo.
Ngoko ke, ukhetho lokusebenzisa i-RFID okanye i-barcode kufuneka lusekelwe kwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa kunye neemfuno. Kwimfuneko yokufunda ulwazi oluninzi ngokusebenzayo, ngokukhawuleza, nangokude, i-RFID inokuba yeyona ifanelekileyo; kwaye kwimfuneko yeemeko ezingabizi kakhulu nezilula ukuzisebenzisa, i-barcode inokuba yeyona ifanelekileyo.
Nangona iteknoloji ye-RFID ineenzuzo ezininzi, ayizukuthatha indawo yeebhakhowudi ngokupheleleyo. Zombini iteknoloji yebhakhowudi kunye ne-RFID zinezibonelelo zazo ezikhethekileyo kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo.
Ibhakhowudi yiteknoloji yokuchonga engabizi kakhulu, eguquguqukayo nesebenzisekayo, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo zokuthengisa, ezothutho kunye nezinye iindawo. Nangona kunjalo, inomthamo omncinci wokugcina idatha, enokugcina ikhowudi kuphela, umthamo omncinci wokugcina ulwazi, kwaye inokugcina amanani, isiNgesi, oonobumba, kunye nobuninzi bolwazi obuyi-128 yeekhowudi ze-ASCII. Xa isetyenziswa, kuyimfuneko ukufunda igama lekhowudi egciniweyo ukuze ubize idatha kwinethiwekhi yekhompyutha ukuze ufumane ukuchonga.
Kwelinye icala, iteknoloji ye-RFID inomthamo omkhulu kakhulu wokugcina idatha kwaye inokulandelwa emva kumjikelo wobomi beyunithi nganye yezinto. Isekelwe kwiteknoloji yerediyo kwaye inokubethelwa okanye ikhuselwe ngegama lokugqitha ukuqinisekisa ukuba idatha ikhuselekile kwaye ikhuselekile. Iithegi ze-RFID zinokubethelwa kwaye zinokufundwa, zihlaziywe, kwaye zisebenze nezinye ii-interfaces zangaphandle ukuvelisa utshintshiselwano lwedatha.
Ke ngoko, nangona iteknoloji ye-RFID ineenzuzo ezininzi, ayizukuthatha indawo yeebhakhowudi ngokupheleleyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi zesicelo, ezi zimbini zinokuhambelana kwaye zisebenzisane ukufezekisa ukuchonga ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokulandelela izinto.
Iilebhile zeRFID zinokugcina iintlobo ezininzi zolwazi, kuquka kodwa kungaphelelanga kwezi zilandelayo:
1. Ulwazi olusisiseko lwento: Umzekelo, igama, imodeli, ubungakanani, ubunzima, njl.njl. bento leyo bunokugcinwa.
2. Ulwazi malunga nophawu lwento: Umzekelo, umbala, ubume, izinto, njl.njl. zento zingagcinwa.
3. Ulwazi lokuveliswa kwento: Umzekelo, umhla wokuveliswa, ibhetshi yokuveliswa, umenzi, njl.njl. wento unokugcinwa.
4. Ulwazi lokujikeleziswa kwezinto: Umzekelo, indlela yokuthutha, indlela yokuthutha, imeko yezothutho, njl.njl. yezinto zingagcinwa.
5. Ulwazi ngezinto ezichasene nobusela: Umzekelo, inombolo yethegi yokulwa nobusela, uhlobo lokulwa nobusela, imeko yokulwa nobusela, njl.njl. yento ingagcinwa.
Ukongeza, iilebheli zeRFID zingagcina ulwazi olubhaliweyo olufana namanani, oonobumba, kunye noonobumba, kunye nedatha ye-binary. Olu lwazi lungabhalwa kwaye lufundwe kude ngomfundi/umbhali weRFID.
Iithegi zeRFID zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka kodwa kungaphelelanga apho:
1. Uthutho: Iinkampani zothutho zingasebenzisa iithegi zeRFID ukulandelela iimpahla, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwezothutho kunye nokuchaneka, kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zothutho ezingcono kubathengi.
2. Ukuthengisa: Abathengisi basebenzisa iithegi zeRFID ukulawula impahla, ukulawula impahla kunye nokuthintela ubusela. Zisetyenziswa ziivenkile zempahla, iivenkile ezinkulu, abathengisi bezinto ze-elektroniki kunye namanye amashishini kushishino lokuthengisa.
3. Ulawulo lweeasethi: Iithegi zeRFID zisetyenziselwa ukulandelela nokulawula iiasethi kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Imibutho izisebenzisela ukulandelela iiasethi ezixabisekileyo, izixhobo, izixhobo, kunye noluhlu lwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Amashishini afana nokwakha, i-IT, imfundo kunye neearhente zikarhulumente zisebenzisa iithegi zeRFID kulawulo lweeasethi.
4. Iilayibrari: Iithegi zeRFID zisetyenziswa kwiilayibrari ukuze kulawulwe iincwadi ngokufanelekileyo kuquka ukuboleka, ukubolekisa kunye nokulawula impahla.
Iithegi zeRFID zingasetyenziswa nakweyiphi na imeko yesicelo apho izinto kufuneka zilandelwe, zichongwe kwaye zilawulwe. Ngenxa yoko, iithegi zeRFID zisetyenziswa ngamashishini amaninzi kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo, kuquka iinkampani zezothutho, abathengisi, izibhedlele, abavelisi, amathala eencwadi, nokunye.
Ixabiso leethegi zeRFID liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ezinje ngohlobo lwethegi, ubungakanani bayo, uluhlu lokufunda, umthamo wememori, nokuba ifuna iikhowudi zokubhala okanye ukubethela, njalo njalo.
Ngokubanzi, iithegi zeRFID zinoluhlu olubanzi lwamaxabiso, anokuhluka ukusuka kwiisenti ezimbalwa ukuya kwishumi leedola, kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni nasekusetyenzisweni kwazo. Ezinye iithegi zeRFID eziqhelekileyo, ezifana neethegi zeRFID eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuthengisa nakwiimpahla, zihlala zibiza phakathi kweesenti ezimbalwa kunye needola ezimbalwa. Kwaye ezinye iithegi zeRFID ezisebenza kakhulu, ezifana neethegi zeRFID ezisebenza rhoqo zokulandelela kunye nolawulo lweeasethi, zinokubiza ngaphezulu.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ixabiso lethegi ye-RFID ayiloxabiso lodwa. Kukho ezinye iindleko ezinxulumene noko ekufuneka uziqwalasele xa usebenzisa inkqubo ye-RFID, njengeendleko zabafundi kunye nee-antenna, iindleko zokuprinta nokusebenzisa iithegi, iindleko zokudibanisa inkqubo kunye nophuhliso lwesoftware, njalo njalo. Ke ngoko, xa ukhetha iithegi ze-RFID, kufuneka uqwalasele ixabiso leethegi kunye nezinye iindleko ezinxulumene noko ukuze ukhethe uhlobo lwethegi kunye nomthengisi ofanelana neemfuno zakho.