RFID, dzina lonse ndi Radio Frequency Identification. Ndi ukadaulo wodzizindikiritsa wokha womwe umazindikira zinthu zomwe zikufunidwa ndikupeza deta yoyenera kudzera mu ma signaling a radio frequency. Ntchito yodzizindikiritsa siifuna kuthandizidwa ndi manja ndipo ingagwire ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana ovuta. Ukadaulo wa RFID ukhoza kuzindikira zinthu zoyenda mwachangu kwambiri ndikuzindikira ma tag angapo nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yachangu komanso yosavuta.
Chizindikiro cha RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) ndi ukadaulo wodzizindikiritsa wokha womwe umazindikira zinthu zomwe zikufunidwa ndipo umapeza deta yoyenera kudzera mu zizindikiro za ma radio frequency. Ntchito yodzizindikiritsa siifuna kuthandizidwa ndi manja. Ma tag amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma tag, ma antenna, ndi owerenga. Wowerenga amatumiza chizindikiro cha ma radio frequency cha ma frequency enaake kudzera mu antenna. Chizindikirocho chikalowa mu magnetic field, mphamvu yoyambitsidwa imapangidwa kuti ipeze mphamvu ndikutumiza chidziwitso chomwe chasungidwa mu chip kwa wowerenga. Wowerenga amawerenga chidziwitsocho, amachisintha, ndikutumiza detayo ku kompyuta. Dongosolo limachigwiritsa ntchito.
Chizindikiro cha RFID chimagwira ntchito motere:
1. Chizindikiro cha RFID chikalowa mu mphamvu ya maginito, chimalandira chizindikiro cha mafunde chomwe chimatumizidwa ndi wowerenga RFID.
2. Gwiritsani ntchito mphamvu yochokera ku mphamvu yoyambitsidwa kuti mutumize zambiri za malonda zomwe zasungidwa mu chip (Passive RFID Tag), kapena kutumiza mwachangu chizindikiro cha pafupipafupi inayake (Active RFID Tag).
3. Wowerenga akawerenga ndi kumasulira zomwe zalembedwazo, zimatumizidwa ku dongosolo lapakati la chidziwitso kuti deta yake ikonzedwe moyenera.
Dongosolo losavuta kwambiri la RFID lili ndi magawo atatu:
1. RFID Tag: Yopangidwa ndi antenna ya RFID (cholumikizira) ndi RFID IC(chip), tag iliyonse ili ndi code yapadera yamagetsi, yotchedwa nambala ya ID. Imalumikizidwa ku chinthu kuti izindikire chinthu chomwe chikufunidwa ndipo imatchedwanso Transponder.
2. RFID Reader: Imatchedwanso kuti reader-writer, iyi ndi chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerenga kapena kuyika ma code pa ma tag. Chingapangidwe ngati chowerengera cha m'manja kapena chokhazikika, kutengera pulogalamuyo.
3. Dongosolo la Mapulogalamu Ogwiritsira Ntchito: Izi zikutanthauza mapulogalamu omwe ali pagawo la mapulogalamu, makamaka opangidwa kuti apititse patsogolo kukonza deta yosonkhanitsidwa ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yofikirika komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu.
Ma RFID tag nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana osungiramo zinthu kapena magawo omwe amatha kusunga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chizindikiritso ndi deta. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zokumbukira zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri mu ma RFID tag ndi:
1. TID (Tag Identifier): TID ndi chizindikiro chapadera chomwe chimaperekedwa ndi wopanga chizindikirocho. Ndi chikumbutso chongowerenga chokha chomwe chili ndi nambala yapadera ya seri ndi zina zomwe zili ndi chizindikirocho, monga khodi ya wopanga kapena zambiri za mtunduwo. TID singasinthidwe kapena kusinthidwa.
2. EPC (Khodi Yamagetsi): Memory ya EPC imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga chizindikiro chapadera padziko lonse lapansi (EPC) cha chinthu chilichonse kapena chinthu chilichonse. Imapereka ma code owerengeka pakompyuta omwe amazindikira ndikutsatira zinthu payekha mkati mwa dongosolo logulira kapena kuyang'anira zinthu.
3. MEMORY YA WOGULITSA: Memory ya Wogwiritsa ntchito ndi malo osungiramo zinthu omwe amasankhidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mu RFID tag yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusunga deta kapena chidziwitso chosinthidwa malinga ndi mapulogalamu kapena zofunikira zinazake. Nthawi zambiri imakhala memori yowerenga-kulemba, zomwe zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito ovomerezeka kusintha detayo. Kukula kwa memori ya wogwiritsa ntchito kumasiyana malinga ndi zomwe tagyo imafotokozera.
4. Memory Yosungidwa: Memory yosungidwa ikutanthauza gawo la malo osungiramo tag omwe asungidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo kapena zolinga zapadera. Ikhoza kusungidwa ndi wopanga ma tag kuti agwiritse ntchito mtsogolo kapena kukonza magwiridwe antchito kapena zofunikira zinazake za pulogalamu. Kukula ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka memori yosungidwa kumatha kusiyana kutengera kapangidwe ka tag ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito komwe kakufuna.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mtundu wa kukumbukira ndi mphamvu yake zimatha kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ya ma tag a RFID, chifukwa tag iliyonse ikhoza kukhala ndi mawonekedwe akeake a kukumbukira.
Ponena za ukadaulo wa RFID, UHF nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina a RFID osagwira ntchito. Ma tag ndi owerenga a UHF RFID amagwira ntchito pama frequency pakati pa 860 MHz ndi 960 MHz. Makina a UHF RFID ali ndi ma read ranges ataliatali komanso kuchuluka kwa deta kuposa makina a RFID otsika. Ma tag awa amadziwika ndi kukula kochepa, kulemera kopepuka, kulimba kwambiri, liwiro lowerenga/kulemba mwachangu komanso chitetezo chambiri, zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa zosowa za mabizinesi akuluakulu ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a kasamalidwe ka zinthu zoperekedwa komanso zabwino m'malo monga kuletsa zinthu zabodza komanso kutsata. Chifukwa chake, ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito monga kasamalidwe ka zinthu, kutsata katundu ndi kuwongolera mwayi wopeza.
EPCglobal ndi mgwirizano pakati pa International Association for Article Numbering (EAN) ndi United States Uniform Code Council (UCC). Ndi bungwe lopanda phindu lomwe lalamulidwa ndi makampaniwa ndipo lili ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti muyezo wapadziko lonse wa netiweki ya EPC umadziwika mwachangu, modzidzimutsa komanso molondola kwambiri. Cholinga cha EPCglobal ndikulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma netiweki a EPC padziko lonse lapansi.
EPC (Electronic Product Code) ndi chizindikiro chapadera chomwe chimaperekedwa ku chinthu chilichonse chomwe chili mu RFID (Radio Frequency Identification).
Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya EPC ingafotokozedwe mwachidule motere: kulumikiza zinthu ku ma tag amagetsi kudzera muukadaulo wa RFID, kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde a wailesi potumiza ndi kuzindikira deta. Dongosolo la EPC makamaka limapangidwa ndi magawo atatu: ma tag, owerenga ndi malo opangira deta. Ma tag ndiye maziko a dongosolo la EPC. Amalumikizidwa kuzinthu ndipo amakhala ndi chidziwitso chapadera ndi zina zofunikira zokhudzana ndi zinthuzo. Owerenga amalankhulana ndi tag kudzera mu mafunde a wailesi ndikuwerenga zambiri zomwe zasungidwa pa tag. Malo opangira deta amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulandira, kusunga ndi kukonza deta yomwe yawerengedwa ndi ma tag.
Machitidwe a EPC amapereka zabwino monga kukonza kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, kuchepetsa khama lotsata zinthu ndi manja, kugwira ntchito mwachangu komanso molondola kwa unyolo woperekera zinthu, komanso kupititsa patsogolo chitsimikizo cha zinthu. Kapangidwe kake kokhazikika kamalimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa machitidwe osiyanasiyana ndikulola kuphatikizana bwino mkati mwa mafakitale osiyanasiyana.
EPC Gen 2, mwachidule cha Electronic Product Code Generation 2, ndi muyezo wapadera wa ma tag ndi owerenga a RFID. EPC Gen 2 ndi muyezo watsopano wa air interface wovomerezedwa ndi EPCglobal, bungwe lopanda phindu, mu 2004 womwe umachotsa mamembala a EPCglobal ndi mayunitsi omwe adasaina pangano la EPCglobal IP ku ndalama za patent. Muyezo uwu ndiye maziko a ukadaulo wa EPCglobal network of radio frequency identification (RFID), intaneti ndi Electronic Product Code (EPC).
Ndi imodzi mwa miyezo yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya ukadaulo wa RFID, makamaka mu ntchito zogulitsa ndi kugulitsa.
EPC Gen 2 ndi gawo la muyezo wa EPCglobal, womwe cholinga chake ndi kupereka njira yokhazikika yodziwira ndikutsatira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito RFID. Imafotokoza njira zolumikizirana ndi magawo a ma tag ndi owerenga a RFID, kuonetsetsa kuti opanga osiyanasiyana akugwirizana komanso kuti zinthuzo zikugwirizana.
ISO 18000-6 ndi njira yolumikizirana ndi mpweya yopangidwa ndi International Organization for Standardization (ISO) kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ukadaulo wa RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Imafotokoza njira zolumikizirana ndi malamulo otumizira deta pakati pa owerenga ndi ma tag a RFID.
Pali mitundu ingapo ya ISO 18000-6, yomwe ISO 18000-6C ndiyo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. ISO 18000-6C imafotokoza njira yolumikizirana ndi mpweya ya machitidwe a UHF (Ultra High Frequency) RFID. Imadziwikanso kuti EPC Gen2 (Electronic Product Code Generation 2), ndiyo muyezo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa machitidwe a UHF RFID.
ISO 18000-6C imatanthauzira njira zolumikizirana, kapangidwe ka deta, ndi magulu a malamulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pakati pa ma tag a UHF RFID ndi owerenga. Imatchula kugwiritsa ntchito ma tag a UHF RFID osafunikira, omwe safuna gwero lamphamvu lamkati ndipo m'malo mwake amadalira mphamvu yotumizidwa kuchokera kwa owerenga kuti igwire ntchito.
Ndondomeko ya ISO 18000-6 ili ndi ntchito zambiri, ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'magawo ambiri monga kasamalidwe ka zinthu, kutsatira unyolo wogulira zinthu, kuletsa zinthu zabodza, ndi kasamalidwe ka antchito. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya ISO 18000-6, ukadaulo wa RFID ungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti upeze kuzindikira ndi kutsatira zinthu mwachangu komanso molondola.
RFID ndi barcode zili ndi ubwino wake komanso mawonekedwe ake, palibe ubwino ndi kuipa konse. RFID ndi yabwino kwambiri kuposa barcode m'mbali zina, mwachitsanzo:
1. Kuchuluka kwa malo osungira: Ma RFID tag amatha kusunga zambiri, kuphatikizapo mfundo zoyambira za chinthucho, mfundo za makhalidwe, mfundo zopangira, mfundo zoyendera. Izi zimapangitsa kuti RFID ikhale yothandiza kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi kasamalidwe ka zinthu, ndipo ikhoza kutsatiridwa mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wonse wa chinthu chilichonse.
2. Liwiro lowerenga: Ma tag a RFID amawerengedwa mwachangu, amatha kuwerenga ma tag angapo mu scan, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito azigwira bwino ntchito.
3. Kuwerenga kosakhudzana ndi kukhudzana: Ma tag a RFID amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa wailesi, amatha kuwerenga kosakhudzana ndi kukhudzana. Mtunda pakati pa wowerenga ndi chilembo ukhoza kukhala mkati mwa mamita ochepa, popanda kufunikira kogwirizanitsa chilembocho mwachindunji, amatha kuwerenga gulu lonse komanso kuwerenga mtunda wautali.
4. Kulemba ndi kusinthidwa mosinthasintha: Ma tag a RFID amatha kulembedwa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti deta isungidwe ndikusinthidwa. Zambiri za momwe zinthu zilili komanso komwe zili zitha kulembedwa pa tag nthawi yeniyeni, zomwe zimathandiza kutsatira ndikuwongolera zinthu ndi zinthu zomwe zili mu tag nthawi yeniyeni. Komabe, ma barcode ndi osasinthika ndipo sangasinthe kapena kusintha deta ikatha kusanthula.
5. Kudalirika kwambiri komanso kulimba: Ma tag a RFID nthawi zambiri amakhala odalirika kwambiri komanso olimba ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito m'malo ovuta monga kutentha kwambiri, chinyezi komanso kuipitsidwa. Ma tag amatha kusungidwa muzinthu zolimba kuti ateteze tag yokha. Koma ma barcode amatha kuwonongeka, monga kukanda, kusweka kapena kuipitsidwa, zomwe zingayambitse kusawerengedwa kapena kuwerengedwa molakwika.
Komabe, ma barcode ali ndi ubwino wake, monga mtengo wotsika, kusinthasintha, komanso kusavuta. Nthawi zina, ma barcode angakhale oyenera kwambiri, monga kukonza zinthu zazing'ono ndi kasamalidwe ka zinthu, zochitika zomwe zimafuna kusanthula chimodzi ndi chimodzi, ndi zina zotero.
Chifukwa chake, kusankha kugwiritsa ntchito RFID kapena barcode kuyenera kutengera zochitika ndi zosowa zinazake. Pakufunika kuwerenga zambiri mwachangu, kogwira mtima, komanso kutali, RFID ikhoza kukhala yoyenera; ndipo pakufunika zochitika zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, barcode ikhoza kukhala yoyenera kwambiri.
Ngakhale ukadaulo wa RFID uli ndi zabwino zambiri, sudzalowa m'malo mwa ma barcode onse. Ukadaulo wa barcode ndi RFID uli ndi zabwino zake zapadera komanso zochitika zoyenera.
Barcode ndi ukadaulo wodziwika bwino komanso wotsika mtengo, wosinthasintha komanso wothandiza, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'masitolo ogulitsa, zoyendera ndi zina. Komabe, ili ndi mphamvu yosungira deta yochepa, yomwe ingasunge code yokha, mphamvu yosungira deta yochepa, ndipo ingasunge manambala, Chingerezi, zilembo, ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha ma code 128 a ASCII. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndikofunikira kuwerenga dzina la code yosungidwa kuti muyimbire deta mu netiweki ya kompyuta kuti muzindikire.
Kumbali ina, ukadaulo wa RFID uli ndi mphamvu yosungira deta yambiri ndipo ukhoza kutsatiridwa mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wonse wa chipangizo chilichonse. Umachokera ku ukadaulo wa ma wailesi ndipo ukhoza kusungidwa mwachinsinsi kapena kutetezedwa ndi mawu achinsinsi kuti zitsimikizire kuti detayo ndi yotetezeka. Ma tag a RFID amatha kusungidwa mwachinsinsi ndipo amatha kuwerengedwa, kusinthidwa, ndikuyatsidwa ndi ma interface ena akunja kuti apange kusinthana kwa deta.
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale ukadaulo wa RFID uli ndi zabwino zambiri, sudzalowa m'malo mwa ma barcode kotheratu. Muzochitika zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito, ziwirizi zimatha kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zizindikire ndi kutsata zinthu zokha.
Zolemba za RFID zimatha kusunga mitundu yambiri yazidziwitso, kuphatikizapo koma osati zokhazo:
1. Chidziwitso choyambira cha chinthucho: Mwachitsanzo, dzina, chitsanzo, kukula, kulemera, ndi zina zotero za chinthucho zitha kusungidwa.
2. Chidziwitso cha makhalidwe a chinthucho: Mwachitsanzo, mtundu, kapangidwe kake, zinthu, ndi zina zotero za chinthucho zitha kusungidwa.
3. Zambiri zokhudza kupanga chinthucho: Mwachitsanzo, tsiku lopanga, gulu lopanga, wopanga, ndi zina zotero za chinthucho zitha kusungidwa.
4. Chidziwitso cha kayendedwe ka zinthu: Mwachitsanzo, njira yoyendera, njira yoyendera, momwe zinthu zilili, ndi zina zotero, zitha kusungidwa.
5. Zambiri zoletsa kuba za zinthu: Mwachitsanzo, nambala ya chizindikiro choletsa kuba, mtundu woletsa kuba, momwe zinthuzo zilili, ndi zina zotero, zitha kusungidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma RFID tlalebel amathanso kusunga zambiri monga manambala, zilembo, ndi zilembo, komanso deta ya binary. Zambirizi zitha kulembedwa ndikuwerengedwa patali kudzera mu wowerenga/wolemba wa RFID.
Ma RFID tag amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo koma osati okhawo:
1. Kayendetsedwe ka Zinthu: Makampani ogulitsa zinthu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma RFID tag kuti atsatire katundu, kukonza bwino kayendedwe ka zinthu komanso kulondola kwake, komanso kupereka chithandizo chabwino cha kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kwa makasitomala.
2. Kugulitsa: Ogulitsa amagwiritsa ntchito ma RFID tag poyang'anira zinthu zomwe zili m'sitolo, kuwongolera zinthu zomwe zili m'sitolo komanso kupewa kuba. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi masitolo ogulitsa zovala, masitolo akuluakulu, ogulitsa zamagetsi ndi mabizinesi ena ogulitsa.
3. Kusamalira katundu: Ma RFID tag amagwiritsidwa ntchito potsata ndi kuyang'anira katundu m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Mabungwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma tag kuti atsatire katundu wamtengo wapatali, zida, zida, ndi zinthu zomwe zili m'sitolo. Makampani monga zomangamanga, IT, maphunziro ndi mabungwe aboma amagwiritsa ntchito ma RFID tag kuti ayang'anire katundu.
4. Malaibulale: Ma RFID tag amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malaibulale kuti azisamalira bwino mabuku kuphatikizapo kubwereka, kubwereketsa ndi kuyang'anira zinthu zomwe zili m'mabuku.
Ma RFID tag angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazochitika zilizonse zomwe zinthu ziyenera kutsatiridwa, kuzindikirika ndikuyang'aniridwa. Zotsatira zake, ma RFID tag amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafakitale ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo makampani okonza zinthu, ogulitsa, zipatala, opanga, malaibulale, ndi zina zambiri.
Mtengo wa ma tag a RFID umasiyana malinga ndi zinthu zingapo, monga mtundu wa tag, kukula kwake, kuchuluka kwa kuwerenga, mphamvu yokumbukira, kaya ikufunika ma code olemba kapena kubisa, ndi zina zotero.
Kawirikawiri, ma tag a RFID ali ndi mitengo yosiyanasiyana, yomwe ingasiyane kuyambira masenti ochepa mpaka madola makumi angapo, kutengera momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Ma tag ena odziwika bwino a RFID, monga ma tag a RFID wamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'masitolo ndi m'malo operekera katundu, nthawi zambiri amadula pakati pa masenti ochepa ndi madola ochepa. Ndipo ma tag ena a RFID apamwamba, monga ma tag a RFID apamwamba otsatirira ndi kuyang'anira katundu, amatha kukwera mtengo.
Ndikofunikanso kudziwa kuti mtengo wa RFID tag siwo wokhawo womwe umafunika. Palinso ndalama zina zomwe muyenera kuganizira mukamagwiritsa ntchito makina a RFID, monga mtengo wa owerenga ndi ma antenna, mtengo wosindikiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma tag, mtengo wogwirizanitsa makina ndi kupanga mapulogalamu, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chake, posankha ma RFID tag, muyenera kuganizira mtengo wa ma tag ndi zina zomwe zikugwirizana kuti musankhe mtundu wa tag ndi wogulitsa yemwe akugwirizana ndi zosowa zanu.