RFID, izina ryuzuye ni Radio Iranga Ikiranga. Nubuhanga budasanzwe bwo kumenyekanisha bwikora burahita bwerekana ibintu bigamije kandi bukabona amakuru ajyanye nibimenyetso bya radio. Igikorwa cyo kumenyekanisha ntigisaba intoki kandi gishobora gukorera ahantu hatandukanye. Tekinoroji ya RFID irashobora kumenya ibintu byihuta byihuta kandi ikamenya tagi nyinshi icyarimwe, bigatuma ibikorwa byihuta kandi byoroshye.
Ikirangantego cya RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) ni tekinoroji idahuye ikorana buhanga ihita imenya ibintu igamije kandi ikabona amakuru ajyanye nibimenyetso bya radiyo. Igikorwa cyo kumenyekanisha ntigisaba ubufasha bwintoki. Utumenyetso dusanzwe tugizwe na tagi, antene, nabasomyi. Umusomyi yohereza ibimenyetso bya radio yumurongo wa radiyo runaka binyuze muri antenne. Iyo tagi yinjiye mumashanyarazi, imbaraga zashizweho zibyara ingufu kugirango zohereze imbaraga no kohereza amakuru yabitswe muri chip kubasomyi. Umusomyi asoma amakuru, arayandika, kandi yohereza amakuru kuri mudasobwa. Sisitemu itunganya.
Ikirango cya RFID gikora ku buryo bukurikira:
1. Nyuma yuko label ya RFID yinjiye mumashanyarazi, yakira ibimenyetso bya radio yumurongo woherejwe numusomyi wa RFID.
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3. Nyuma yuko umusomyi asomye akanasobanura amakuru, yoherejwe muri sisitemu nkuru yamakuru yo gutunganya amakuru ajyanye.
Sisitemu yibanze ya RFID igizwe nibice bitatu:
1. Tagi ya RFID: Igizwe na antenna ya RFID (guhuza ibintu) hamwe na RFID IC (chip), buri tagi ifite kode yihariye ya elegitoronike, izwi nka nimero y'irangamuntu. Yifatanije nikintu kugirango imenye ikintu cyerekanwe kandi nayo ivugwa nka Transponder.
2. Umusomyi wa RFID: Nanone yitwa umusomyi-umwanditsi, iki ni igikoresho gikoreshwa mu gusoma cyangwa gushiraho amakuru kuri tagi. Irashobora gushushanywa nkintoki cyangwa umusomyi uhamye, bitewe na porogaramu.
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Ibiranga RFID mubusanzwe bifite ahantu ho kubika cyangwa ibice bitandukanye bishobora kubika ubwoko butandukanye bwo kumenyekanisha hamwe namakuru. Ubwoko butandukanye bwo kwibuka bukunze kuboneka muri tagi ya RFID ni:
1. TID (Tag Identifier): TID ni ikiranga kidasanzwe cyagenwe nuwakoze tagi. Nibisomwa gusa byibukwa birimo numero yihariye yuruhererekane nandi makuru yihariye kurirango, nka kode yabayikoze cyangwa ibisobanuro birambuye. TID ntishobora guhindurwa cyangwa kwandikwa.
2. Itanga kode isomeka kuri elegitoronike yerekana idasanzwe kandi ikurikirana ibintu bitandukanye murwego rwo gutanga cyangwa sisitemu yo gucunga ibintu.
3. UBUKORESHE BUKORESHEJWE: Ububiko bwumukoresha ni umwanya wububiko bwasobanuwe mububiko bwa RFID bushobora gukoreshwa mukubika amakuru cyangwa amakuru yihariye ukurikije porogaramu cyangwa ibisabwa byihariye. Mubisanzwe gusoma-kwandika kwibuka, kwemerera abakoresha bemerewe guhindura amakuru. Ingano yukoresha yibuka iratandukanye bitewe nibiranga tagi.
4. Ububiko bwabitswe: Ububiko bwabitswe bivuga igice cya tagi yibuka umwanya wabitswe kugirango ukoreshwe ejo hazaza cyangwa intego zidasanzwe. Irashobora kubikwa nuwakoze label kubiranga ejo hazaza cyangwa iterambere ryimikorere cyangwa ibisabwa byihariye. Ingano nogukoresha ububiko bwabitswe burashobora gutandukana ukurikije igishushanyo cya tagi nikoreshwa.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ubwoko bwihariye bwo kwibuka hamwe nubushobozi bwabwo bushobora gutandukana hagati yikimenyetso cya RFID, kuko buri tagi ishobora kugira imiterere yihariye yo kwibuka.
Kubijyanye na tekinoroji ya RFID, UHF isanzwe ikoreshwa muri sisitemu ya pasiporo ya RFID. UHF RFID tags nabasomyi bakorera kumurongo uri hagati ya 860 MHz na 960 MHz. Sisitemu ya UHF RFID imaze igihe kinini isoma intera nigipimo cyamakuru kiri hejuru ya sisitemu ya RFID nkeya. Utumenyetso turangwa nubunini buto, uburemere bworoshye, kuramba cyane, gusoma byihuse / kwandika umuvuduko n'umutekano mwinshi, bishobora guhura nibikenewe mubucuruzi bunini kandi bigatezimbere imikorere yimicungire yimitungo ninyungu mubice nko kurwanya impimbano no gukurikirana. Kubwibyo, birakwiriye kubisabwa nko gucunga ibarura, gukurikirana umutungo no kugenzura uburyo.
EPCglobal ni umushinga uhuriweho n’ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga rishinzwe kubara ingingo (EAN) n’inama y’Amerika ishinzwe amategeko (UCC). Numuryango udaharanira inyungu washinzwe ninganda kandi ushinzwe kurwego rwisi yose rwumuyoboro wa EPC kugirango byihuse, byikora kandi neza neza ibicuruzwa murwego rwo gutanga. Intego ya EPCglobal nugutezimbere mugukoresha imiyoboro ya EPC kwisi yose.
EPC (Kode y'ibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike) ni ikiranga kidasanzwe cyahawe buri gicuruzwa cyashyizwe muri tagi ya RFID (Radio Frequency Identification).
Ihame ryakazi rya EPC rishobora gusobanurwa gusa nk: guhuza ibintu na tagi ya elegitoronike hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya RFID, ukoresheje umurongo wa radiyo mugutanga amakuru no kumenyekanisha. Sisitemu ya EPC igizwe ahanini nibice bitatu: tagi, abasomyi nibigo bitunganya amakuru. Tagi nizo shingiro rya sisitemu ya EPC.Bifatanije nibintu kandi bitwara indangamuntu idasanzwe nandi makuru ajyanye nibintu. Umusomyi avugana na tagi akoresheje radiyo yumurongo kandi asoma amakuru yabitswe kurirango. Ikigo gitunganya amakuru gikoreshwa mukwakira, kubika no gutunganya amakuru yasomwe na tagi.
Sisitemu ya EPC itanga inyungu nko kunoza imicungire y'ibarura, kugabanya imbaraga zintoki mugukurikirana ibicuruzwa, ibikorwa byihuse kandi byukuri byo gutanga amasoko, hamwe no kwemeza ibicuruzwa byongerewe. Imiterere isanzwe iteza imbere imikoranire hagati ya sisitemu zitandukanye kandi igafasha kwishyira hamwe mubikorwa bitandukanye.
EPC Itangiriro 2, mugufi kubicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki Kode ya 2, ni igipimo cyihariye kubirango bya RFID nabasomyi. EPC Gen 2 ni igipimo gishya cy’ikirere cyemejwe na EPCglobal, umuryango udaharanira inyungu, mu 2004 usonera abanyamuryango ba EPCglobal hamwe n’ibice byashyize umukono ku masezerano ya IP ya EPCglobal amafaranga y’ipatanti. Ibipimo ngenderwaho nibyo shingiro ryumuyoboro wa EPCglobal yikoranabuhanga rya radiyo (RFID) ikorana buhanga, interineti na kode ya elegitoroniki (EPC).
Nibimwe mubipimo byemewe cyane kubijyanye na tekinoroji ya RFID, cyane cyane murwego rwo gutanga no kugurisha ibicuruzwa.
EPC Gen 2 iri murwego rwa EPCglobal, igamije gutanga uburyo busanzwe bwo kumenya no gukurikirana ibicuruzwa ukoresheje RFID. Irasobanura protocole y'itumanaho n'ibipimo bya tagisi ya RFID hamwe nabasomyi, byemeza imikoranire no guhuza hagati yinganda zitandukanye.
ISO 18000-6 ni protocole yo mu kirere yateguwe n’umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe ubuziranenge (ISO) kugirango ikoreshwe n’ikoranabuhanga rya RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Irerekana uburyo bwitumanaho namategeko yo kohereza amakuru hagati yabasomyi ba RFID na tagi.
Hariho verisiyo zitandukanye za ISO 18000-6, muri zo ISO 18000-6C nimwe zikoreshwa cyane. ISO 18000-6C yerekana protokole yindege ya sisitemu ya UHF (Ultra High Frequency) sisitemu ya RFID. Azwi kandi nka EPC Gen2 (Electronic Products Code Code Generation 2), nigipimo gikoreshwa cyane kuri sisitemu ya UHF RFID.
ISO 18000-6C isobanura protocole y'itumanaho, imiterere yamakuru hamwe namabwiriza akoreshwa mugukorana hagati ya tagi ya UHF RFID nabasomyi. Irerekana ikoreshwa rya tagisi ya UHF RFID pasiporo, idasaba inkomoko yimbere ahubwo ikishingikiriza ku mbaraga ziva mubasomyi gukora.
Porotokole ya ISO 18000-6 ifite porogaramu zitandukanye, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mubice byinshi nko gucunga ibikoresho, kugenzura amasoko, gukurikirana ibicuruzwa birwanya impimbano, no gucunga abakozi. Ukoresheje ISO 18000-6 protocole, tekinoroji ya RFID irashobora gukoreshwa mubihe bitandukanye kugirango ugere vuba kandi neza kumenya no gukurikirana ibintu.
RFID na barcode bifite inyungu zabyo nibishobora gukoreshwa, nta nyungu nini nibibi. RFID ni nziza rwose kuruta barcode mubice bimwe, urugero:
1. Ubushobozi bwo kubika: Ibirango bya RFID birashobora kubika amakuru menshi, harimo amakuru yibanze yikintu, ibiranga amakuru, amakuru yumusaruro, amakuru yikwirakwizwa. Ibi bituma RFID ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byo gucunga no kubara, kandi irashobora gukurikiranwa mubuzima bwose bwa buri kintu.
2. Umuvuduko wo gusoma: Utumenyetso twa RFID soma vuba, urashobora gusoma tagi nyinshi muri scan, kuzamura imikorere cyane.
3. Gusoma kudahuza: Tagi ya RFID ikoresha tekinoroji ya radio yumurongo wa radiyo, irashobora kumenya kudasoma. Intera iri hagati yabasomyi nikirangantego irashobora kuba muri metero nkeya, bitabaye ngombwa ko uhuza neza tagi, irashobora kumenya icyiciro cyo gusoma no gusoma intera ndende.
4. Encoding kandi ivugururwa mu buryo bugaragara: Ibirango bya RFID birashobora gushyirwaho kodegisi, bigatuma amakuru abikwa kandi akavugururwa. Imiterere namakuru yamakuru yibintu arashobora kwandikwa kuri tagi mugihe nyacyo, ifasha gukurikirana no gucunga ibikoresho no kubara mugihe nyacyo. Barcode, kurundi ruhande, irahagaze kandi ntishobora kuvugurura cyangwa guhindura amakuru nyuma yo kubisikana.
5. Kwizerwa kwinshi no kuramba: Ibirango bya RFID mubisanzwe bifite ubwizerwe kandi biramba kandi birashobora gukorera ahantu habi nkubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushuhe n’umwanda. Tagi irashobora kubikwa mubikoresho biramba kugirango irinde tagi ubwayo. Ku rundi ruhande, barcode irashobora kwangirika, nko gushushanya, kumeneka cyangwa kwanduza, bishobora kuvamo kudasomeka cyangwa kudasoma nabi.
Nyamara, barcode ifite ibyiza byayo, nkigiciro gito, guhinduka, no koroshya. Mubihe bimwe, barcode irashobora kuba nziza cyane, nkibikoresho bito bito hamwe nogucunga ibarura, ibintu bisaba gusikana umwe umwe, nibindi.
Kubwibyo, guhitamo gukoresha RFID cyangwa barcode bigomba gushingira kubintu byihariye bikenewe. Mugukenera gukora neza, byihuse, intera ndende yo gusoma amakuru menshi, RFID irashobora kuba nziza; kandi mugukenera igiciro gito, byoroshye gukoresha ssenarios, kode yumurongo irashobora kuba nziza.
Mugihe tekinoroji ya RFID ifite ibyiza byinshi, ntabwo izasimbuza burundu kode yumurongo. Byombi barcode hamwe na tekinoroji ya RFID bifite ibyiza byihariye nibishobora gukoreshwa.
Barcode nubuhanga bwubukungu kandi buhendutse, bworoshye kandi bufatika bwo kumenyekanisha, bukoreshwa cyane mubicuruzwa, ibikoresho ndetse nizindi nzego. Ariko, ifite ubushobozi buke bwo kubika amakuru, ishobora kubika kode gusa, ubushobozi buke bwo kubika amakuru, kandi irashobora kubika gusa imibare, icyongereza, inyuguti, hamwe namakuru menshi yuzuye ya 128 ASCII. Iyo ikoreshwa, birakenewe gusoma izina ryabitswe kugirango uhamagare amakuru murusobe rwa mudasobwa kugirango tumenye.
Ku rundi ruhande, tekinoroji ya RFID, ifite ubushobozi bunini bwo kubika amakuru kandi irashobora kuva mu buzima bwose bwa buri kintu. Ishingiye kuri tekinoroji yumurongo wa radio kandi irashobora gushishoza cyangwa kurindwa ijambo ryibanga kugirango umenye neza ko amakuru afite umutekano. Ibiranga RFID birashobora gushyirwaho kodegisi kandi birashobora gusomwa, kuvugururwa, no gukoreshwa hamwe nandi masura yo hanze kugirango habeho guhanahana amakuru.
Kubwibyo, mugihe tekinoroji ya RFID ifite ibyiza byinshi, ntabwo izasimbuza rwose kode yumurongo. Muburyo bwinshi bwo gusaba, byombi birashobora kuzuzanya no gukorera hamwe kugirango tumenye mu buryo bwikora no gukurikirana ibintu.
Ibirango bya RFID birashobora kubika amakuru menshi, harimo ariko ntagarukira kuri ibi bikurikira:
1. Amakuru yibanze yikintu: Kurugero, izina, icyitegererezo, ingano, uburemere, nibindi byikintu birashobora kubikwa.
2. Kuranga amakuru yikintu: Kurugero, ibara, imiterere, ibikoresho, nibindi byikintu birashobora kubikwa.
3. Amakuru yumusaruro wikintu: Kurugero, itariki yumusaruro, icyiciro cyumusaruro, uwagikoze, nibindi bintu bishobora kubikwa.
4. Kuzenguruka amakuru yibintu: Kurugero, inzira yo gutwara, uburyo bwo gutwara, imiterere y'ibikoresho, nibindi bintu birashobora kubikwa.
5. Kurwanya ubujura amakuru yibintu: Kurugero, nimero yo kurwanya ubujura, ubwoko bwo kurwanya ubujura, imiterere yo kurwanya ubujura, nibindi bintu bishobora kubikwa.
Mubyongeyeho, ibisobanuro bya RFID birashobora kandi kubika amakuru yinyandiko nkumubare, inyuguti, ninyuguti, kimwe namakuru abiri. Aya makuru arashobora kwandikwa no gusomerwa kure ukoresheje RFID umusomyi / umwanditsi.
Ibiranga RFID bikoreshwa cyane mubice bitandukanye, harimo ariko ntibigarukira gusa:
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2. Gucuruza: Abacuruzi bakoresha ibirango bya RFID mugucunga ibarura, kugenzura ibarura no gukumira ubujura. Zikoreshwa nububiko bwimyenda, supermarket, abadandaza ibikoresho bya elegitoronike nubundi bucuruzi mubucuruzi.
3. Gucunga umutungo: Ibiranga RFID bikoreshwa mugukurikirana umutungo no gucunga inganda zitandukanye. Amashyirahamwe arayakoresha mugukurikirana umutungo, ibikoresho, ibikoresho, nububiko. Inganda nkubwubatsi, IT, uburezi ninzego za leta zikoresha ibimenyetso bya RFID mugucunga umutungo.
4. Amasomero: Ibirango bya RFID bikoreshwa mumasomero mugucunga neza ibitabo harimo kuguza, kuguriza no kugenzura ibarura.
Ibiranga RFID birashobora gukoreshwa mubihe byose bisabwa aho ibintu bigomba gukurikiranwa, kumenyekana no gucungwa. Nkigisubizo, ibirango bya RFID bikoreshwa ninganda nimiryango myinshi itandukanye, harimo amasosiyete y'ibikoresho, abadandaza, ibitaro, abakora, amasomero, nibindi byinshi.
Igiciro cyibiranga RFID kiratandukanye bitewe nibintu byinshi, nkubwoko bwikimenyetso, ingano yacyo, gusoma urutonde, ubushobozi bwo kwibuka, byaba bisaba kwandika code cyangwa encryption, nibindi.
Muri rusange, ibirango bya RFID bifite ibiciro byinshi, bishobora kuva kumafaranga make kugeza kumadorari icumi, bitewe nibikorwa n'imikoreshereze. Ibiranga bimwe bisanzwe bya RFID, nkibirango bisanzwe bya RFID bikoreshwa mugucuruza no gutanga ibikoresho, mubisanzwe bigura amafaranga make namadorari make. Kandi bimwe mubiranga imikorere ya RFID, nkibirangantego byinshi bya RFID yo gukurikirana no gucunga umutungo, birashobora gutwara byinshi.
Ni ngombwa kandi kumenya ko igiciro cya tagi ya RFID atari cyo giciro cyonyine. Hariho ibindi biciro bifitanye isano ugomba gusuzuma mugihe cyohereza no gukoresha sisitemu ya RFID, nkigiciro cyabasomyi na antene, igiciro cyo gucapa no gukoresha tagi, ikiguzi cyo guhuza sisitemu no guteza imbere software, nibindi. Kubwibyo, mugihe uhitamo ibirango bya RFID, ugomba gusuzuma igiciro cyibirango nibindi biciro bijyanye kugirango uhitemo ubwoko bwikimenyetso hamwe nuwabitanze bihuye neza nibyo ukeneye.