RFID, izina ryuzuye ni Irangamuntu rya Radio Frequency. Ni ikoranabuhanga ritakora ku buryo bwikora rigaragaza ibintu by’ingenzi kandi rigahabwa amakuru ajyanye nabyo binyuze mu bimenyetso bya radio frequencies. Umurimo wo kumenya ntusaba gukoresha intoki kandi ushobora gukora ahantu habi hatandukanye. Ikoranabuhanga rya RFID rishobora kumenya ibintu byihuta cyane no kumenya tagi nyinshi icyarimwe, bigatuma igikorwa cyihuta kandi cyoroshye.
Ikimenyetso cya RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) ni ikoranabuhanga ritakora ku buryo bwikora rigaragaza ibintu by’ingenzi kandi rigatanga amakuru ajyanye nabyo binyuze mu bimenyetso bya radio frequency. Umurimo wo kumenya ntusaba gukoresha intoki. Ibi bimenyetso akenshi biba bigizwe na tags, antene, n'abasomyi. Umusomyi yohereza ikimenyetso cya radio frequency runaka binyuze muri antene. Iyo ikimenyetso cyinjiye mu ngufu za rukuruzi, havuka umuriro uterwa kugira ngo ubone ingufu kandi wohereze amakuru abitswe muri chip ku musomyi. Umusomyi asoma amakuru, akayahindura, hanyuma akohereza amakuru kuri mudasobwa. Sisitemu irayatunganya.
Ikirango cya RFID gikora ku buryo bukurikira:
1. Nyuma y'uko icyapa cya RFID cyinjiye mu gakoresho ka rukuruzi, cyakira ikimenyetso cya radiyo cyoherejwe n'umusomyi wa RFID.
2. Koresha ingufu ziva mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi uterwa n’amashanyarazi kugira ngo wohereze amakuru y’ibicuruzwa bibitswe muri chip (Passive RFID Tag), cyangwa wohereze ikimenyetso cy’umuvuduko runaka (Active RFID Tag).
3. Iyo umusomyi amaze gusoma no gusesengura amakuru, yoherezwa kuri sisitemu nkuru y'amakuru kugira ngo atunganywe neza.
Sisitemu y'ibanze ya RFID igizwe n'ibice bitatu:
1. Ikimenyetso cya RFID: Kigizwe na antene ya RFID (ikintu gihuza) na RFID IC (chip), buri kimenyetso gifite kode yihariye y'ikoranabuhanga, izwi nka nimero y'indangamuntu. Gifatanye n'ikintu kugira ngo kimenyekane ikintu kigenewe kandi kitwa Transponder.
2. RFID Reader: Iyi ni igikoresho gikoreshwa mu gusoma cyangwa gushyira amakuru kuri tagi. Ishobora gutegurwa nk'igikoresho gikoreshwa mu ntoki cyangwa gihoraho, bitewe n'uburyo gikoreshwa.
3. Sisitemu ya Porogaramu: Ibi bivuga porogaramu iri ku rwego rwa porogaramu, igenewe cyane cyane gutunganya amakuru yakusanyijwe no kuyakoresha ku bantu.
Ibirango bya RFID ubusanzwe bifite ahantu hatandukanye ho kubika cyangwa ibice bishobora kubika ubwoko butandukanye bw'irangamuntu n'amakuru. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'ububiko bukunze kuboneka muri ibirango bya RFID ni:
1. TID (Indangamuntu y'ibirango): TID ni ikimenyetso cyihariye gitangwa n'uwakoze ibirango. Ni ububiko bwo gusoma gusa burimo nimero yihariye y'uruhererekane n'andi makuru yihariye kuri iki gitabo, nka kode y'uwakoze cyangwa ibisobanuro bya verisiyo. TID ntishobora guhindurwa cyangwa ngo yandikweho.
2. EPC (Kode y'ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki): ububiko bwa EPC bukoreshwa mu kubika ikimenyetso cyihariye ku isi (EPC) cya buri gicuruzwa cyangwa ikintu. Butanga kode zisomwa mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga zigaragaza kandi zigakurikirana ibintu ku giti cyabyo mu buryo bwihariye mu ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa cyangwa sisitemu yo gucunga ububiko.
3. ububiko bw'umukoresha: ububiko bw'umukoresha ni ahantu hagenwa n'umukoresha mu gikoresho cya RFID gishobora gukoreshwa mu kubika amakuru cyangwa amakuru yihariye hakurikijwe porogaramu cyangwa ibisabwa byihariye. Ubusanzwe ni ububiko bwo gusoma no kwandika, butuma abakoresha bemewe bashobora guhindura amakuru. Ingano y'ububiko bw'umukoresha iratandukanye bitewe n'ibisobanuro by'igikoresho.
4. Ububiko Bubitswe: Ububiko Bubitswe buvuga igice cy'umwanya w'ububiko bw'inyuguti bugenewe gukoreshwa mu gihe kizaza cyangwa mu bikorwa byihariye. Bushobora kubikwa n'uwakoze inyuguti kugira ngo bukoreshwe mu gihe kizaza cyangwa mu guteza imbere imikorere cyangwa ibisabwa byihariye bya porogaramu. Ingano n'imikoreshereze y'ububiko bubitswe bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'imiterere y'inyuguti n'uburyo ikoreshwa.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ubwoko bw'ububiko bwihariye n'ubushobozi bwabwo bishobora gutandukana hagati ya moderi za RFID tag, kuko buri tag ishobora kugira imiterere yayo yihariye ya memori.
Mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga rya RFID, UHF ikoreshwa cyane muri sisitemu za RFID zidafite aho zibogamiye. UHF RFID tags na readers zikora kuri frequencies iri hagati ya 860 MHz na 960 MHz. UHF RFID systems zifite uburebure bw'amakuru asomwa n'umuvuduko w'amakuru uri hejuru ugereranije na sisitemu za RFID zikoresha frequencies nke. Izi tags zirangwa n'ingano nto, uburemere bworoheje, kuramba cyane, umuvuduko wo gusoma/kwandika vuba n'umutekano mwinshi, bishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'ibikorwa binini by'ubucuruzi no kunoza imikorere myiza y'imicungire y'ibicuruzwa n'inyungu mu nzego nko kurwanya inyiganano no gukurikirana. Kubwibyo, zikwiriye cyane mu bikorwa nko gucunga ububiko, gukurikirana imitungo no kugenzura uburyo abantu bayigeraho.
EPCglobal ni ubufatanye hagati y’Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry’Imibare y’Ingingo (EAN) n’Inama Nkuru y’Ubumwe bw’Amakode ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (UCC). Ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu washinzwe n’inganda kandi ufite inshingano zo kugenzura ibipimo ngenderwaho by’umuyoboro wa EPC ku rwego rw’isi kugira ngo umenye ibicuruzwa mu ruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa byihuse, mu buryo bwikora kandi neza. Intego ya EPCglobal ni uguteza imbere ikoreshwa ryagutse ry’imiyoboro ya EPC ku isi yose.
EPC (Kode y'ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki) ni ikimenyetso cyihariye gihabwa buri gicuruzwa kiri mu kimenyetso cya RFID (Indangamuntu ya Radio Frequency).
Ihame ry'imikorere rya EPC rishobora gusobanurwa mu buryo bworoshye: guhuza ibintu na tagi z'ikoranabuhanga binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga rya RFID, hakoreshejwe imiyoboro ya radiyo mu kohereza no kumenya amakuru. Sisitemu ya EPC igizwe ahanini n'ibice bitatu: tagi, abasomyi n'ibigo bitunganya amakuru. Tagi ni byo shingiro rya sisitemu ya EPC. Zifatanye n'ibintu kandi zifite indangamuntu yihariye n'andi makuru ajyanye n'ibintu. Umusomyi avugana na tagi binyuze muri wa muyoboro wa radiyo kandi agasoma amakuru abitswe kuri tagi. Ikigo gitunganya amakuru gikoreshwa mu kwakira, kubika no gutunganya amakuru asomwa na tagi.
Sisitemu za EPC zitanga inyungu nko kunoza imicungire y’ibikoresho, kugabanya imbaraga mu gukurikirana ibicuruzwa, imikorere yihuse kandi iboneye y’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa, no kunoza icyemezo cy’ibicuruzwa. Imiterere yabyo isanzwe iteza imbere imikoranire hagati ya sisitemu zitandukanye kandi igatuma habaho guhuza neza mu nganda zitandukanye.
EPC Gen 2, mu magambo ahinnye avuga ko Kode y'ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki ya 2, ni umurongo ngenderwaho wihariye w'amatagi n'abasomyi ba RFID. EPC Gen 2 ni umurongo ngenderwaho mushya w'itumanaho ry'ikirere wemejwe na EPCglobal, umuryango udaharanira inyungu, mu 2004, ukuraho amafaranga y'ipatanti ku banyamuryango ba EPCglobal n'amashami yasinye amasezerano ya EPCglobal. Iyi ngingo ngenderwaho ni yo shingiro ry'ikoranabuhanga rya EPCglobal ry'umuyoboro w'amajwi ya radiyo (RFID), interineti na Kode y'ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki (EPC).
Ni imwe mu ngingo ngenderwaho zemewe cyane mu ikoranabuhanga rya RFID, cyane cyane mu bijyanye n'uruhererekane rw'ibikoresho n'ubucuruzi.
EPC Gen 2 ni kimwe mu bigize amahame ya EPCglobal, agamije gutanga uburyo busanzwe bwo kumenya no gukurikirana ibicuruzwa hakoreshejwe RFID. Igena porotokoli z'itumanaho n'ibipimo bya tagi za RFID n'abasomyi, igenzura ko habaho imikoranire n'imikoranire hagati y'abakora ibicuruzwa bitandukanye.
ISO 18000-6 ni protocole y’uburyo bwo guhuza ikirere yakozwe n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga Ushinzwe Ubuziranenge (ISO) kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu ikoranabuhanga rya RFID (Indangamuntu ya Radio Frequency Identification). Igaragaza uburyo bwo gutumanaho n’amategeko agenga kohereza amakuru hagati y’abasomyi ba RFID n’amatagi.
Hari verisiyo nyinshi za ISO 18000-6, muri zo ISO 18000-6C ikaba ariyo ikoreshwa cyane. ISO 18000-6C igaragaza protocole y'ikirere kuri sisitemu za UHF (Ultra High Frequency) RFID. Izwi kandi nka EPC Gen2 (Electronic Product Code Generation 2), niyo ikoreshwa cyane kuri sisitemu za UHF RFID.
ISO 18000-6C isobanura porotokoli z'itumanaho, imiterere y'amakuru n'amatsinda y'amabwiriza akoreshwa mu mikoranire hagati ya tagi za UHF RFID n'abasomyi. Igaragaza ikoreshwa rya tagi za UHF RFID zidasaba isoko y'ingufu z'imbere ahubwo zishingiye ku ngufu zoherezwa n'abasomyi kugira ngo zikore.
Porotokole ya ISO 18000-6 ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo kuyikoresha, kandi ishobora gukoreshwa mu nzego nyinshi nko gucunga ibikoresho, gukurikirana ibicuruzwa, kurwanya ibihimbano, no gucunga abakozi. Hakoreshejwe porotokole ya ISO 18000-6, ikoranabuhanga rya RFID rishobora gukoreshwa mu bihe bitandukanye kugira ngo hamenyekane kandi hakurikiranwe ibintu byihuse kandi nyabyo.
RFID na barcode bifite ibyiza byabyo n'ahantu habigenewe, nta nyungu n'imbogamizi bihari rwose. RFID ni nziza cyane kuruta barcode mu bintu bimwe na bimwe, urugero:
1. Ubushobozi bwo kubika: Ibirango bya RFID bishobora kubika amakuru menshi, harimo amakuru y'ibanze y'ikintu, amakuru y'imiterere yacyo, amakuru y'umusaruro, amakuru ajyanye n'imigendekere yacyo. Ibi bituma RFID irushaho gukoreshwa mu bijyanye n'ibicuruzwa no gucunga ububiko, kandi ishobora gukurikiranwa mu buzima bwose bwa buri kintu.
2. Umuvuduko wo gusoma: Tagi za RFID zisomwa vuba, zishobora gusoma tagi nyinshi muri scan, bikongera cyane imikorere.
3. Gusoma mu buryo butanyuranyije n'amajwi: Ibirango bya RFID bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya radiyo, bishobora gutuma umuntu asoma mu buryo butanyuranyije n'amajwi. Intera iri hagati y'umusomyi n'ikirango ishobora kuba muri metero nke, hatabayeho guhuza neza ikirango, bishobora gutuma umuntu asoma mu buryo butanyuranyije n'amajwi ndetse no gusoma mu buryo burambuye.
4. Gushyira mu buryo bwo gushakisha no kuvugururwa: Ibirango bya RFID bishobora gushyirwa mu buryo bwo gushakisha, bigatuma amakuru abikwa kandi agavugururwa. Amakuru y’aho ibintu biherereye n’aho biherereye ashobora kwandikwa kuri icyo gikoresho mu gihe nyacyo, ibi bikaba bifasha gukurikirana no gucunga ubwikorezi n’ububiko mu gihe nyacyo. Ku rundi ruhande, ibirango ntibihinduka kandi ntibishobora kuvugurura cyangwa guhindura amakuru nyuma yo gushakisha.
5. Kwizerwa no kuramba cyane: Ibirango bya RFID akenshi birizerwa kandi biraramba cyane kandi bishobora gukora ahantu habi nko mu bushyuhe bwinshi, ubushuhe n'umwanda. Ibirango bishobora gushyirwa mu bikoresho biramba kugira ngo birinde ikirango ubwacyo. Ku rundi ruhande, ibirango bya barcode bishobora kwangirika, nko gushwanyagurika, kwangirika cyangwa kwanduzwa, bishobora gutuma bitasomwa neza cyangwa bigasomwa nabi.
Ariko, barcode zifite ibyiza byazo, nko ku giciro gito, koroherana, no koroshya. Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, barcode zishobora kuba nziza kurushaho, nko gucunga ibikoresho bito n'ibikoresho, ibintu bisaba gusesengura kimwe kimwe, n'ibindi.
Bityo rero, guhitamo gukoresha RFID cyangwa barcode bigomba gushingira ku bintu byihariye bikoreshwa n'ibikenewe. Mu gihe hakenewe gusoma amakuru menshi neza, byihuse kandi kure, RFID ishobora kuba nziza kurushaho; kandi mu gihe hakenewe ibintu bihendutse kandi byoroshye gukoresha, barcode ishobora kuba nziza kurushaho.
Nubwo ikoranabuhanga rya RFID rifite ibyiza byinshi, ntabwo rizasimbura burundu kode za barcode. Ikoranabuhanga rya barcode na RFID byombi bifite ibyiza byabyo byihariye n'ibintu bifatika.
Barcode ni ikoranabuhanga rihendutse kandi rihendutse, rishobora koroha kandi rikora mu kumenya amakuru, rikoreshwa cyane mu bucuruzi, mu bijyanye n'ibikoresho n'ibindi. Ariko, rifite ubushobozi buke bwo kubika amakuru, rishobora kubika gusa kode, ubushobozi buke bwo kubika amakuru, kandi rishobora kubika gusa imibare, icyongereza, inyuguti, n'ubucucike bw'amakuru butarenze 128 bwa kode za ASCII. Iyo ikoreshwa, ni ngombwa gusoma izina rya kode yabitswe kugira ngo uhamagare amakuru ari kuri interineti ya mudasobwa kugira ngo umenye amakuru.
Ku rundi ruhande, ikoranabuhanga rya RFID rifite ubushobozi bwo kubika amakuru menshi cyane kandi rishobora gukurikiranwa kugeza ku buzima bwose bwa buri gikoresho. Rishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya radiyo kandi rishobora gushingwa cyangwa kurindwa ijambo ry'ibanga kugira ngo amakuru abe mu mutekano kandi atekanishwe. Ibirango bya RFID bishobora gushingwa kandi bigasomwa, kuvugururwa, no gukoreshwa hamwe n'izindi mbuga zo hanze kugira ngo habeho guhanahana amakuru.
Kubwibyo, nubwo ikoranabuhanga rya RFID rifite ibyiza byinshi, ntabwo rizasimbura burundu kode z'imirongo. Mu bihe byinshi byo gukoresha, byombi bishobora kuzuzanya no gukorera hamwe kugira ngo bigerweho mu buryo bwikora mu kumenya no gukurikirana ibintu.
Ibirango bya RFID bishobora kubika ubwoko bwinshi bw'amakuru, harimo ariko bitagarukira kuri ibi bikurikira:
1. Amakuru y'ibanze ku kintu: Urugero, izina, icyitegererezo, ingano, uburemere, n'ibindi by'ikintu bishobora kubikwa.
2. Amakuru yerekeye ibiranga ikintu: Urugero, ibara, imiterere, ibikoresho, nibindi by'ikintu bishobora kubikwa.
3. Amakuru y'umusaruro w'ikintu: Urugero, itariki yo gukorerwaho, itsinda ry'umusaruro, uwagikoze, n'ibindi bishobora kubikwa.
4. Amakuru yerekeye uburyo ibintu bikwirakwira: Urugero, inzira yo gutwara ibintu, uburyo bwo kubitwara, imiterere y'ibikoresho, n'ibindi bishobora kubikwa.
5. Amakuru yerekeye ibintu birwanya ubujura: Urugero, inomero y'ikimenyetso cy'ubujura, ubwoko bw'ubujura, imiterere y'ubujura, n'ibindi by'ikintu bishobora kubikwa.
Byongeye kandi, RFID tlalebes zishobora kandi kubika amakuru y’inyandiko nk’imibare, inyuguti, n’inyuguti, ndetse n’amakuru y’ibinyabiziga bibiri. Aya makuru ashobora kwandikwa no gusomwa kure binyuze mu gusoma/umwanditsi wa RFID.
Ibirango bya RFID bikoreshwa cyane mu nzego zitandukanye, harimo ariko ntibigarukira kuri:
1. Ibikoresho byo gutwara ibintu: Ibigo bicuruza ibintu bishobora gukoresha tagi za RFID mu gukurikirana ibicuruzwa, kunoza imikorere myiza n'ubuziranenge bw'ubwikorezi, ndetse no gutanga serivisi nziza zo gutwara ibintu ku bakiriya.
2. Ubucuruzi: Abacuruzi bakoresha tagi za RFID mu gucunga ibicuruzwa, kugenzura ibicuruzwa no gukumira ubujura. Zikoreshwa n'amaduka y'imyenda, amaduka manini, abacuruzi b'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga n'abandi bacuruzi bo mu nganda z'ubucuruzi.
3. Imicungire y'umutungo: Ibirango bya RFID bikoreshwa mu gukurikirana no gucunga umutungo mu nganda zitandukanye. Imiryango irabikoresha mu gukurikirana imitungo y'agaciro, ibikoresho, ibikoresho, n'ububiko. Inganda nk'ubwubatsi, ikoranabuhanga, uburezi n'ibigo bya leta bikoresha ibirango bya RFID mu gucunga imitungo.
4. Amasomero: Ibirango bya RFID bikoreshwa mu masomero mu gucunga neza ibitabo birimo inguzanyo, inguzanyo no kugenzura ububiko bw'ibitabo.
Ibirango bya RFID bishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gukoresha ibintu aho ibintu bigomba gukurikiranwa, kumenyekana no gucungwa. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibirango bya RFID bikoreshwa n'inganda n'imiryango itandukanye, harimo amasosiyete y'ibijyanye n'ibikoresho, abacuruzi, amavuriro, abakora, amasomero, n'ibindi.
Igiciro cya tagi za RFID gitandukana bitewe n'ibintu byinshi, nko ubwoko bwa tagi, ingano yayo, aho isomwa, ubushobozi bwo kubika, niba bisaba kode zo kwandika cyangwa gushishoza, n'ibindi.
Muri rusange, tagi za RFID zifite ibiciro bitandukanye, bishobora kuva kuri senti nke kugeza kuri mirongo y'amadolari, bitewe n'imikorere yazo n'ikoreshwa ryazo. Tagi zimwe na zimwe za RFID zisanzwe, nka tagi za RFID zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi no mu bikoresho, akenshi zigura hagati y'amasenti make na make. Kandi tagi zimwe na zimwe za RFID zikora neza, nka tagi za RFID zikoreshwa kenshi mu gukurikirana no gucunga umutungo, zishobora kugura amafaranga menshi.
Ni ngombwa kandi kumenya ko igiciro cya RFID tag atari cyo giciro cyonyine. Hari ibindi bicuruzwa bigomba kurangazwa mugihe ukoresha sisitemu ya RFID, nk'ikiguzi cy'abasomyi na antene, ikiguzi cyo gucapa no gushyiramo tag, ikiguzi cyo guhuza sisitemu no guteza imbere porogaramu, nibindi. Kubwibyo, mugihe uhitamo RFID tag, ugomba kuzirikana igiciro cya tag nibindi bijyana nayo kugirango uhitemo ubwoko bwa tag numutanga serivisi uhuye neza nibyo ukeneye.