I-RFID, igama eligcwele yi-Radio Frequency Identification. Iwubuchwepheshe bokuhlonza okuzenzakalelayo obungaxhumani obuhlonza ngokuzenzakalelayo izinto eziqondiwe futhi buthole idatha efanele ngamasignali erediyo. Umsebenzi wokuhlonza awudingi ukungenelela ngesandla futhi ungasebenza ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ezinzima. Ubuchwepheshe be-RFID bungahlonza izinto ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu futhi buhlonze amathegi amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, okwenza umsebenzi ube lula futhi usheshe.
Ithegi ye-RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) ubuchwepheshe bokuhlonza okuzenzakalelayo obungaxhumani obuhlonza ngokuzenzakalelayo izinto eziqondiwe futhi buthole idatha efanele ngamasignali emvamisa yomsakazo. Umsebenzi wokuhlonza awudingi ukungenelela ngesandla. Lawa mathegi ngokuvamile aqukethe amathegi, ama-antenna, kanye nabafundi. Umfundi uthumela isignali yemvamisa yomsakazo yemvamisa ethile nge-antenna. Lapho ithegi ingena ensimini yamagnetic, kukhiqizwa ugesi obangelwayo ukuze kutholakale amandla futhi kuthunyelwe ulwazi olugcinwe ku-chip kumfundi. Umfundi ufunda ulwazi, aluchaze, bese ethumela idatha kukhompyutha. Uhlelo luyalucubungula.
Ilebula le-RFID lisebenza kanje:
1. Ngemva kokuba ilebula le-RFID lingene ensimini yamagnetic, lithola isignali yemvamisa yomsakazo ethunyelwa ngumfundi we-RFID.
2. Sebenzisa amandla atholakala ku-induced current ukuthumela ulwazi lomkhiqizo olugcinwe ku-chip (Passive RFID Tag), noma uthumele ngenkuthalo isignali yemvamisa ethile (Active RFID Tag).
3. Ngemva kokuba umfundi efunde futhi ehlaziya ulwazi, luthunyelwa ohlelweni lolwazi oluphakathi ukuze kucutshungulwe idatha efanele.
Uhlelo lwe-RFID oluyisisekelo luqukethe izingxenye ezintathu:
1. Ithegi ye-RFID: Yakhiwe nge-antenna ye-RFID (into yokuxhumanisa) kanye ne-RFID IC(i-chip), ithegi ngayinye inekhodi ye-elekthronikhi ehlukile, eyaziwa ngokuthi inombolo ye-ID. Inamathiselwe entweni ukuhlonza into eqondiwe futhi ibizwa nangokuthi i-Transponder.
2. I-RFID Reader: Ebizwa nangokuthi i-reader-writer, lena idivayisi esetshenziselwa ukufunda noma ukufaka ikhodi yolwazi kumathegi. Ingaklanywa njenge-handheld noma i-fixed reader, kuye ngohlelo lokusebenza.
3. Uhlelo Lwesofthiwe Yohlelo Lokusebenza: Lokhu kubhekisela kusofthiwe esendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza, eklanyelwe ngokuyinhloko ukucubungula idatha eqoqwe futhi yenze itholakale kalula futhi isetshenziswe ngabantu.
Amathegi e-RFID avame ukuba nezindawo zokugcina noma izingxenye ezahlukene ezingagcina izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlonza kanye nedatha. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zememori ezivame ukutholakala kumathegi e-RFID yilezi:
1. I-TID (Isikhombisi Sethegi): I-TID iyisikhombi esiyingqayizivele esinikezwe umenzi wethegi. Iyimemori yokufunda kuphela equkethe inombolo ye-serial ehlukile kanye nolunye ulwazi oluqondene nethegi, njengekhodi yomenzi noma imininingwane yenguqulo. I-TID ayikwazi ukuguqulwa noma ukubhalwa phansi.
2. I-EPC (Ikhodi Yomkhiqizo We-elekthronikhi): Imemori ye-EPC isetshenziselwa ukugcina isihlonzi esiyingqayizivele somhlaba wonke (i-EPC) somkhiqizo noma into ngayinye. Ihlinzeka ngamakhodi afundeka ngogesi ahlonza futhi alandelele izinto ngazinye ngaphakathi kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka noma uhlelo lokuphatha isitokwe.
3. Imemori Yomsebenzisi: Imemori Yomsebenzisi iyindawo yokugcina echazwe ngumsebenzisi kuthegi ye-RFID engasetshenziswa ukugcina idatha noma ulwazi oluhlelwe ngokwezifiso ngokuya ngezinhlelo zokusebenza noma izidingo ezithile. Ngokuvamile imemori yokufunda nokubhala, okuvumela abasebenzisi abagunyaziwe ukuthi bashintshe idatha. Usayizi wememori yomsebenzisi uyahlukahluka kuye ngezincazelo zethegi.
4. Imemori Egciniwe: Imemori Egciniwe ibhekisela engxenyeni yesikhala sememori yethegi egcinelwe ukusetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo noma izinjongo ezikhethekile. Ingase igcinelwe umenzi welebula ukuze ithuthukise izici noma ukusebenza kwesikhathi esizayo noma izidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza. Usayizi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwememori egciniwe kungahluka ngokuya ngomklamo wethegi kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lwememori kanye nomthamo walo kungahluka phakathi kwamamodeli wethegi ye-RFID, njengoba ithegi ngayinye ingaba nokucushwa kwayo kwememori okuhlukile.
Ngokuphathelene nobuchwepheshe be-RFID, i-UHF ivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-RFID ezingasebenzi. Amathegi nezifundi ze-UHF RFID zisebenza kumaza omsindo aphakathi kuka-860 MHz no-960 MHz. Izinhlelo ze-UHF RFID zinebanga lokufunda elide kanye namazinga aphezulu edatha kunezinhlelo ze-RFID ezivame ukuba khona. Lawa mathegi abonakala ngobukhulu obuncane, isisindo esilula, ukuqina okuphezulu, isivinini sokufunda/ukubhala okusheshayo kanye nokuphepha okuphezulu, okungahlangabezana nezidingo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi elikhulu futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuphathwa kweketanga lokuhlinzeka kanye nezinzuzo ezindaweni ezifana nokulwa nokukhwabanisa kanye nokulandelelwa. Ngakho-ke, afaneleka kahle ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezifana nokuphathwa kwempahla, ukulandelela impahla kanye nokulawula ukufinyelela.
I-EPCglobal iyibhizinisi elihlangene phakathi kwe-International Association for Article Numbering (EAN) kanye ne-United States Uniform Code Council (UCC). Iyinhlangano engenzi nzuzo egunyazwe yimboni futhi inesibopho sezinga lomhlaba wonke lenethiwekhi ye-EPC ukuze ikwazi ukuhlonza ngokushesha, ngokuzenzakalelayo nangokunembile izimpahla eziku-supply chain. Inhloso ye-EPCglobal ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamanethiwekhi e-EPC emhlabeni jikelele.
I-EPC (Ikhodi Yomkhiqizo We-elekthronikhi) iyisihlonzi esiyingqayizivele esabelwe umkhiqizo ngamunye ofakwe kuthegi ye-RFID (Isazisi Somsakazo).
Isimiso sokusebenza se-EPC singachazwa kalula ngokuthi: ukuxhuma izinto kumathegi kagesi ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-RFID, kusetshenziswa amagagasi omsakazo ukuze kudluliselwe idatha futhi kuhlonzwe. Uhlelo lwe-EPC luqukethe izingxenye ezintathu ikakhulukazi: amathegi, abafundi kanye nezikhungo zokucubungula idatha. Amathegi ayingqikithi yohlelo lwe-EPC. Anamathele ezintweni futhi aphethe ukuhlonza okuhlukile kanye nolunye ulwazi olufanele mayelana nezinto. Umfundi uxhumana nethegi ngamagagasi omsakazo futhi ufunda ulwazi olugcinwe kuthegi. Isikhungo sokucubungula idatha sisetshenziselwa ukwamukela, ukugcina nokucubungula idatha efundwa amathegi.
Izinhlelo ze-EPC zinikeza izinzuzo ezifana nokuphathwa kwempahla okuthuthukisiwe, umzamo oncishisiwe wesandla ekulandeleleni imikhiqizo, ukusebenza kweketanga lokuhlinzeka okusheshayo nokunembile, kanye nokuqinisekiswa komkhiqizo okuthuthukisiwe. Ifomethi yayo ejwayelekile ikhuthaza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlelo ezahlukene futhi ivumela ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo ngaphakathi kwezimboni ezahlukene.
I-EPC Gen 2, efingqiwe ngokuthi i-Electronic Product Code Generation 2, iyindinganiso ethile yamathegi nabafundi be-RFID. I-EPC Gen 2 iyindinganiso entsha yokuxhumana emoyeni eyavunywa yi-EPCglobal, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo yokulinganisa, ngo-2004 ekhulula amalungu namayunithi e-EPCglobal asayine isivumelwano se-EPCglobal IP emalini ye-patent. Le ndinganiso iyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi ye-EPCglobal yokuhlonza imvamisa yomsakazo (RFID), i-inthanethi kanye ne-Electronic Product Code (EPC).
Kungenye yezindinganiso ezamukelwa kabanzi zobuchwepheshe be-RFID, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwe-supply chain kanye nokuthengisa.
I-EPC Gen 2 iyingxenye yendinganiso ye-EPCglobal, ehlose ukuhlinzeka ngendlela ejwayelekile yokuhlonza nokulandelela imikhiqizo kusetshenziswa i-RFID. Ichaza izinqubo zokuxhumana kanye nemingcele yamathegi nabafundi be-RFID, iqinisekisa ukusebenzisana kanye nokuhambisana phakathi kwabakhiqizi abahlukene.
I-ISO 18000-6 iyiphrothokholi yokuxhumana emoyeni eyathuthukiswa yi-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) ukuze isetshenziswe ngobuchwepheshe be-RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Icacisa izindlela zokuxhumana kanye nemithetho yokudlulisa idatha phakathi kwabafundi be-RFID namathegi.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-ISO 18000-6, lapho i-ISO 18000-6C iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu. I-ISO 18000-6C ichaza iphrothokholi yokuxhumana komoya yezinhlelo ze-UHF (Ultra High Frequency) RFID. Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-EPC Gen2 (Electronic Product Code Generation 2), iyindinganiso esetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-UHF RFID.
I-ISO 18000-6C ichaza amaphrothokholi okuxhumana, izakhiwo zedatha kanye namasethi emiyalo asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana phakathi kwamathegi e-UHF RFID nabafundi. Icacisa ukusetshenziswa kwamathegi e-UHF RFID angasebenzi, angadingi umthombo wamandla wangaphakathi futhi esikhundleni salokho athembele emandleni adluliselwa kumfundi ukuze asebenze.
Iphrothokholi ye-ISO 18000-6 inezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezahlukene, futhi ingasetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi njengokuphathwa kwempahla, ukulandelela uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka, ukulwa nokukhwabanisa kwezimpahla, kanye nokuphathwa kwabasebenzi. Ngokusebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-ISO 18000-6, ubuchwepheshe be-RFID bungasetshenziswa ezimweni ezahlukahlukene ukuze kufezwe ukuhlonza nokulandelela izinto ngokushesha nangokunembile.
I-RFID kanye ne-barcode kunezinzuzo zazo kanye nezigcawu ezisebenzayo, akukho nzuzo kanye nokungalungi okuphelele. I-RFID ingcono kakhulu kune-barcode kwezinye izici, isibonelo:
1. Umthamo wokugcina: Amathegi e-RFID angagcina ulwazi olwengeziwe, okuhlanganisa ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwento, ulwazi lwezimfanelo, ulwazi lokukhiqiza, ulwazi lokujikeleza. Lokhu kwenza i-RFID isebenze kakhulu ekuphathweni kwezinto kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla, futhi ingalandelelwa emuva kuyo yonke imjikelezo yokuphila yento ngayinye.
2. Isivinini sokufunda: Amathegi e-RFID afunda ngokushesha, angafunda amathegi amaningi ngokuskena, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle.
3. Ukufunda ngaphandle kokuthintana: Amathegi e-RFID asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bemvamisa yomsakazo, angafeza ukufunda ngaphandle kokuthintana. Ibanga phakathi komfundi nethegi lingaba ngaphakathi kwamamitha ambalwa, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqondanisa ngqo ithegi, angafeza ukufundwa kweqoqo kanye nokufunda ibanga elide.
4. Ukufaka ikhodi nokuvuselelwa ngokuguquguqukayo: Amathegi e-RFID angafakwa ikhodi, okuvumela idatha ukuthi igcinwe futhi ibuyekezwe. Ulwazi lwesimo nendawo yezinto lungaqoshwa kuthegi ngesikhathi sangempela, okusiza ukulandelela nokuphatha izinto ezidingekayo kanye nempahla ngesikhathi sangempela. Amabhakhodi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, awaguquki futhi awakwazi ukuvuselela noma ukuguqula idatha ngemva kokuskena.
5. Ukuthembeka okuphezulu nokuqina: Amathegi e-RFID avame ukuba nokuthembeka okuphezulu nokuqina futhi angasebenza ezindaweni ezinzima njengokushisa okuphezulu, umswakama kanye nokungcola. Amathegi angafakwa ezintweni eziqinile ukuze avikele ithegi uqobo. Amabhakhodi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, asengozini yokulimala, njengokuklwebheka, ukuphuka noma ukungcola, okungaholela ekungafundeki kahle noma ekufundeni kabi.
Kodwa-ke, ama-barcode anezinzuzo zawo, njengezindleko eziphansi, ukuguquguquka, kanye nobulula. Kwezinye izimo, ama-barcode angase afaneleke kakhulu, njengokuphathwa kwezinto ezincane kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla, izimo ezidinga ukuskenwa ngayinye ngayinye, njalo njalo.
Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha ukusebenzisa i-RFID noma ibhakhodi kufanele kusekelwe ezimweni ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza nezidingo. Esidingweni sokufunda ulwazi oluningi ngendlela ephumelelayo, esheshayo, nekude, i-RFID ingase ifaneleke kakhulu; futhi esidingweni sezindleko eziphansi nezimo ezilula ukuzisebenzisa, ibhakhodi ingase ifaneleke kakhulu.
Nakuba ubuchwepheshe be-RFID bunezinzuzo eziningi, ngeke buthathe indawo yama-barcode ngokuphelele. Bobabili ubuchwepheshe be-barcode kanye ne-RFID bunezinzuzo zabo ezihlukile kanye nezimo ezifanele.
Ibhakhodi ubuchwepheshe bokuhlonza obungabizi futhi obungabizi, obuguquguqukayo nobusebenzayo, obusetshenziswa kabanzi ezitolo, ezokuthutha kanye neminye imikhakha. Kodwa-ke, inomthamo omncane wokugcina idatha, ongagcina ikhodi kuphela, umthamo omncane wokugcina ulwazi, futhi ungagcina izinombolo, isiNgisi, izinhlamvu, kanye nobuningi bolwazi obuphezulu bamakhodi angu-128 e-ASCII. Uma isetshenziswa, kubalulekile ukufunda igama lekhodi egciniwe ukuze ubize idatha kunethiwekhi yekhompyutha ukuze uthole ukuhlonza.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuchwepheshe be-RFID bunamandla okugcina idatha amakhulu kakhulu futhi bungalandelelwa emuva kuyo yonke imjikelezo yokuphila kweyunithi ngayinye yezinto ezibonakalayo. Busekelwe kubuchwepheshe bemvamisa yomsakazo futhi bungabhalwa ngekhodi noma buvikelwe ngephasiwedi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha iphephile futhi ivikelekile. Amathegi e-RFID angabhalwa ngekhodi futhi angafundwa, abuyekezwe, futhi asebenze nezinye izixhumi zangaphandle ukuze kukhiqizwe ukushintshaniswa kwedatha.
Ngakho-ke, yize ubuchwepheshe be-RFID bunezinzuzo eziningi, ngeke buthathe indawo yama-barcode ngokuphelele. Ezimweni eziningi zohlelo lokusebenza, lokhu kokubili kungaphelelisana futhi kusebenze ndawonye ukuze kufezwe ukuhlonza nokulandelela izinto ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Amalebula e-RFID angagcina izinhlobo eziningi zolwazi, okuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini kulokhu okulandelayo:
1. Ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwento: Isibonelo, igama, imodeli, usayizi, isisindo, njll. sento kungagcinwa.
2. Ulwazi lwesici sento: Isibonelo, umbala, ukuthungwa, izinto, njll. zento zingagcinwa.
3. Ulwazi lokukhiqiza lwento: Isibonelo, usuku lokukhiqiza, iqoqo lokukhiqiza, umenzi, njll. wento lungagcinwa.
4. Ulwazi lokujikeleziswa kwezinto: Isibonelo, umzila wokuthutha, indlela yokuthutha, isimo sezokuthutha, njll. sezinto zingagcinwa.
5. Ulwazi lwezinto ezilwa nokwebiwa: Isibonelo, inombolo yethegi yokulwa nokwebiwa, uhlobo lokulwa nokwebiwa, isimo sokulwa nokwebiwa, njll. sento lungagcinwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalebula e-RFID angagcina nolwazi lombhalo olufana nezinombolo, izinhlamvu, nezinhlamvu, kanye nedatha ye-binary. Lolu lwazi lungabhalwa futhi lufundwe kude ngomfundi/umbhali we-RFID.
Amathegi e-RFID asetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini lapho:
1. Ukuthutha: Izinkampani zokuthutha zingasebenzisa amathegi e-RFID ukulandelela izimpahla, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezokuthutha kanye nokunemba, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuthutha ezingcono kumakhasimende.
2. Ukuthengisa: Abathengisi basebenzisa amathegi e-RFID ekuphathweni kwempahla, ukulawula impahla kanye nokuvimbela ukwebiwa. Asetshenziswa yizitolo zezingubo, izitolo ezinkulu, abathengisi bezinto zikagesi kanye namanye amabhizinisi embonini yokuthengisa.
3. Ukuphathwa kwempahla: Amathegi e-RFID asetshenziselwa ukulandelela nokuphatha impahla ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Izinhlangano ziyawasebenzisa ukulandelela izimpahla ezibalulekile, imishini, amathuluzi, kanye nempahla. Izimboni ezifana nokwakha, i-IT, imfundo kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa amathegi e-RFID ekuphathweni kwempahla.
4. Imitapo Yolwazi: Amathegi e-RFID asetshenziswa emitatsheni yolwazi ukuze kuphathwe kahle izincwadi okuhlanganisa ukuboleka, ukubolekisa kanye nokulawula impahla.
Amathegi e-RFID angasetshenziswa kunoma yisiphi isimo sohlelo lokusebenza lapho izinto zidinga ukulandelwa, ukuhlonzwa nokuphathwa. Ngenxa yalokho, amathegi e-RFID asetshenziswa yizimboni eziningi nezinhlangano ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinkampani zezokuthutha, abathengisi, izibhedlela, abakhiqizi, imitapo yolwazi, nokuningi.
Intengo yamathegi e-RFID iyahlukahluka kuye ngezinto eziningana, njengohlobo lwethegi, usayizi wayo, ububanzi bokufunda, umthamo wememori, ukuthi idinga amakhodi okubhala noma ukubethela, njalo njalo.
Ngokuvamile, amathegi e-RFID anezintengo eziningi, ezingasukela kumasenti ambalwa kuya kwamashumi ambalwa amadola, kuye ngokusebenza kwawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Amanye amathegi avamile e-RFID, njengemathegi avamile e-RFID asetshenziswa ezitolo nasezintweni zokuthutha, ngokuvamile abiza phakathi kwamasenti ambalwa namadola ambalwa. Futhi amanye amathegi e-RFID asebenza kahle kakhulu, njengemathegi e-RFID avame kakhulu okulandelela kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla, angabiza kakhulu.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi intengo yethegi ye-RFID akuyona yodwa izindleko. Kunezinye izindleko ezihlobene okufanele uzicabangele lapho usebenzisa uhlelo lwe-RFID, njengezindleko zabafundi nama-antenna, izindleko zokuphrinta nokusebenzisa amathegi, izindleko zokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe, njalo njalo. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha amathegi e-RFID, udinga ukucabangela intengo yamathegi kanye nezinye izindleko ezihlobene ukuze ukhethe uhlobo lwethegi kanye nomhlinzeki ofanelana kahle nezidingo zakho.